SE8 – Opposites

Adjectives – Opposites

Make simple sentences in Farsi using the above words:

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SE7 – Comparisons

Degrees of Comparison
When comparing one object with another the ending ‘ تر ’ (‘tar’) is added to the adjective describing the object (similar to the ‘-er’ ending in English). The word order follows the usual pattern of following the noun and connected with the ezâfe.

the bigger house       khâne-ye bozorgtar        خانه بزرگتر

However when using a superlative (i.e. the ‘biggest’, or ‘best’) the ending ‘ ترين ’ (‘tarin’) is added to the adjective. This then precedes the noun being described and does not take the ezâfe. It becomes the same as the ending ‘-est’ in English and uses the same word order (i.e.adjective before the noun).

the biggest house     bozorgtarin khâne        بزرگترين خانه

The adjective ‘ خوب ’ (‘khub’) follows the following irregular pattern:
good – better - best          khub – behtar - behtarin         خوب – بهتر - بهترين 

The phrase ‘ هر چه زودتر ’ (‘har che zudtar’) means: ‘as soon as possible’.

Still more verbs:
‘to want’ or ‘to wish’ – خواستن (khâstan)

The verb: خواستن (khâstan) has the present stem: خواه (khâh) and conjugates as follows:
I want           mi-khâh-am    مي خواهم     We want       mi-khâh-im      مي خواهيم
You want     mi-khâh-i       مي خواهي     YOU want     mi-khâh-id       مي خواهيد
He wants     mi-khâh-ad   مي خواهد      They want     mi-khâh-and   مي خواهند
‘to be able’ – توانستن (tavânestan) – stem: توان (tavân):
I can             mi-tavân-am    مي توانم      We can         mi-tavân-im     مي توانیم
You can        mi-tavân-i       مي تواني      YOU can      mi-tavân-id       مي توانید
He can         mi-tavân-ad     مي تواند      They can      mi-tavân-and    مي توانند

SE6 – Family Tree

English	Persian	Pronounciation
Husband	شوهر
Spouse	همسر
Parents	والدین
Grand Father	پدربزرگ
Grand Mother	مادربزرگ
Father	پدر
Mother	مادر
Daughter	دختر
Son	پسر
Sister	خواهر	khâhar
Brother	برادر	barâdar
Uncle (Father's brother)	عمو	amoo
Uncle (Mother's brother)	دائی	dâyie
Aunt (Father's sister)	عمه	'am'meh
Aunt (Mother's sister)	خاله	khâ’leh
Child	فرزند	farzand
Children	فرزندان	farzandân
Family	خانواده	khânevâdeh

Fill in the missing words in the ‘Family Tree’ below. Read the sentences outloud.

Remember when you read outloud or in speech you must use the ‘ezâfe’ (‘e’) (which is the equivalent to the English word ‘of’, or to express the relationship of ‘belonging to’).

=========== Pronounciation ===========
	محمد ................ مریم است
	مریم ................ رضا است
	رضا ................ صحرا است
	فاطمه ................ حسن و صحرا است
	امیر ................ شیرین و رضا است
	سهیلا ................ امیر است
	محمد ................ حسن است
	شیرین ................ رضا است
	حسن و صحرا ................ فاطمه هستند
	مریم ................ امیر و سهیلا است

SE5 – Basic Sentence Structure

SUBJECT - OBJECT – VERB
(Farsi reads from right to left, so it is subject-object-verb reading from right to left.) To help you see this structure, a simple sentence is broken up below.

Following the above sentence as an example and using the vocabulary provided, Translate the following sentences into Farsi:

• This Coffee is for you.
• This Tea is for you.
• Coffee with Milk and sugar is for you.
• Tea with sugar cube is for you.
• Coffee without milk and sugar is for you.
• Tea without Sugar Cube is for you.
• Coffee without milk and sugar is for you today.
• Tea without Sugar Cube was for you yesterday.

SE 4 - Bible Characters & Interrogatives

English	Persian	Pronounciation
Abraham	ابراهیم
Adam	آدم
Eve	حوا
Job	ایوب
Moses	موسی
Noah	نوح
Jehovah	یهوه
Jesus	عیسی
Messiah	مسیح

Write in Farsi - فارسي the Interrogative, Number or Name of the Person (listed above) for the following :

• When did عيسي مسيح get baptised?
• How many people survived the flood?
• What was the name of one of the survivors(بابا).
• Which faithful man was called ‘God's friend’?
• Why did this man run away from Egypt?
• Who was called 'the mother of every living thing'?
• How did this man's children die?

Ch 3 - L1 Basic Sentence Structure

Grammar is an important part of any language. Many people think that it is too hard. If that has been your experience, please be assured that with knowledge of a few basic rules you can learn enough to have a simple conversation in Farsi.

The normal sentence structure in Farsi differs from English. It is normally SUBJECT - OBJECT – VERB (Don’t forget that Farsi reads from right to left, so it is subject-object-verb reading from right to left)

To help you see this structure, a simple sentence has been dissected for you below. Each word of the Farsi sentence is literally translated. The verb is the last word in the sentence.

1.1 Nominative

This is God.                                   اين خُدا است


He has a name.                              او یک نام دارد

Note:

Verbs are always placed last in a sentence.

This is the most important and easiest rule to remember from this page.







To try Supplementary Exercise 5 click here. This Exercise will help you build some simple persian sentences.

1.2 Past Tense
God Gave Himself a Name.                                        خدا به خود یک نام داد


or
God Gave Himself the Name Jehovah.        خدا نام یهوه را به خود داد  

                                          خود   = Self, Own

1.3 Accusative Tense
God Gave Himself the Name Jehovah.        خدا نام یهوه را به خود داد  

Note:

The direct object (accusative case) can be one of the two forms:

• Direct – eg., ‘the’ - as in 'the name’
• Indirect  eg., ‘a’ - as in 'a name’

The specified direct object of the transitive verb is followed by the particle . را

Personal pronouns,

آن (”that”) or اين ( ‘this’), nouns preceded by آن and اين or nouns followed by possessive pronouns are examples of specified direct objects & must be followed by  را as shown in the following sentences:

• I like you                                              من شما را دوست دارم
• I like this                                               من این را دوست دارم
• I like this book                           من این کتاب را دوست دارم
• I like your book                        من کتاب شما را دوست دارم

را is usually avoided when the direct object is indefinite, general or collective:

• I like books                                من کتاب ها را دوست دارم
• He is reading a book                                او کتاب می خواند

1.4 Ezâfe – Connections (join words together by using ‘- e’)

• Is the addition of an ‘e’ linking a qualifying word to any noun. (Usually it is not written – see point (e))
• The qualifying word usually comes second & carries the word stress. With nouns ending in -h ( ه or  Connected  ه) the ezâfe is represented by a hamzeh. Note the word order in the examples below: Noun followed by the adjective

a. "Belonging to" - the Genitive (expresses ownership)



















Note:
The genitive case is expressed by using ezâfe (‘-e’) between the two words for the owner and the owned. The order of the word for the owner & the owned object is reverse to English as shown in the eg. above.

b. Adjectives - Added to the noun when described by an adjective













c. ezâfe– Chains (combining a chain of words with ezâfe)

Our God’s great name is Jehovah.  


If a possessive-pronoun is used in the sentence, it is always located last in the chain. In the above sentence the possessive -pronoun is our = ما

The Great and Fear Inspiring Day of Jehovah  


Note how Jehovah's Name that comes at the name does not have an ezâfe.

d. Replacement of the word 'of'

the country of Iran              Keshvar-e-Irân                       کشور ایران
the city of Toronto             Shahr-e-Torento                   شهر تورنتو
Mrs Harwood                    Khânom-e-Hârwood             خانم هاروود

e. When the noun ends in the letters –a ( ا) or –u ( و), the ezâfe becomes a written letter ‘i’ (ی)

Mr Ali                       âghâ-ye Ali                                             آقای علی
our God                   khodâ-ye mâ                                            خدای ما  
over the water         ru-ye âb                                                    روی آب
Gold of That land    talâie ân zamin                            طلای آن زمین

Supplementary Exercise 6 provides the Farsi words for family relationships. It also helps with practicing the use of Ezâfe - connections - in a sentence. To go to supplementary exercise 6, click here.

1.5 Comparative & Superlative



















The Comparative form adds the suffix تر ‘tar’ to the adjective & the 2 words are joined by an ezâfé.

When an adjective is used as a Superlative (e.g., ‘biggest’), it is located before the word that it describes, & the two words are not joined together by the ezâfe - the suffix ترين ' tarin ' is added to the adjective.











Adverbs

• The Comparative form adds the suffix تر ‘tar’ to the adverb & the two  words are joined by an ezâfé.
• The Superlative از همه - az hameh precedes (or may follow) the  comparative form.
  
   ترين ' tarin ' is not used for the superlative of adverbs.

I write well       من خوب می نویسم
You write better   شما بهتر می نویسید
He writes the best (of all) او از همه بهتر می نویسد = او بهتر از همه می نویسد

1.6 Exercise
Please read the following Bible texts outloud. Take note of the adjectives.

1.6 Exercise
Find an expert to check your adjectives from the scriptures above. Make flashcards.

1.7 Exercise
Please read outloud.  Can you find Adjectives and Adverbs and their Comparative and Superlative forms? Can you translate orally?

                                                    او كمتر از همه كار دارد. فرشته گان بزرگ هستند
    عيسي بزرگتر از فرشته گان است. يهوه بزرگترين شخص در آسمان است
          او بزرگتر از همه ديگر است. من كتابي بهتر از كتاب مقدس نخواندم
                  اميدي بهتر از آن نمي شناسم. از بروشورها كدام جالبتر است؟
                                               او جالبترين موضوع را به من نشان داد
                           آيا كتاب زيباي شما، كه آورديد بهتر از كتاب من است؟

Supplementary Exercise 7 is an extra document explaining comparisons with examples of the verbs ‘can’ & ‘want’ in the present tense. To go to Supplementary Exercise 7, click here.

Supplementary Exercise 7A provides comparative and superlative form of some common Persian adjectives. To go to Supplementary Exercise 7A, click here.

Supplemetary Exercise 8 provides opposite adjectives in farsi. To go to Supplementary Exercise 8, click here. Choose Adjectives from Supplemetary Exercise 8 the fill the following document.

1.8 Exercise

Now make some simple sentences for practise with any of the adjectives that you selected above.

Ch. 2 - L5 The letter vâv

• This letter has multiple functions in Farsi writing.
• vâv can never be joined to the left.

5.1 Exercise
Write the sign for ‘vâv’ in the air with your index finger.

5.2 Exercise
Create new flashcards for this letter.









5.3 Exercise
In the Bible Teach Book, page 6 – Mark all و

5.4 Exercise
The Farsi word for ‘he’, ‘she’, 'it’, is ‘u’ (oo). How do you write this word?

5.5 Exercise
In chapter 1, paragraphs 7 & 8 of the Bible Teach Book , find all occurences of او
How many times can you find this word?

5.6 Exercise
Select the flashcards that begin with the long vowel ‘â’.

5.7 Exercise
Write down all the Farsi words that you can remember and compare them to your
flashcards. Check that you have the correct Farsi spelling.

Ch. 2 - L4 Alef, Introducing a Vowel

• Besides the three short vowels in the Farsi alphabet there are three long vowels.
• These long vowels are always included in the Farsi writing.
• If one of these three long vowels is used in the beginning of a word, Alef is used as a vowel attachment. This means that Alef is written in front of the letter to indicate that the following letter eg: و must be pronounced as a vowel.

4.1 Exercise
The Farsi word for ‘this’ (as in “the item is in this box”) sounds like ‘in’.
Please try writing this word in Farsi (using the letters we have learned so far) and compare it to the spelling in the dictionary.

4.2 Exercise
Try to find 2 occcurences of the Farsi word for 'this' in page 6 of the Bible Teach Book.

4.3 Exercise
Please find the flash card with the above word.

4.4 Exercise
Repeat the same exercises for the Farsi word for ‘ân’ (that) in page 6 of the Bible Teach Book.